UPSC PRELIMS MCQs EXPLANATION

ANSWER / ADD ON - ( B )

STRATOSPHERE: In this layer the temperature increases with increase in height. The temperature varies from -57 to 0 oC.

This layer is characterized with the presence of Ozonosphere. Ozone is highly
reactive oxygen molecule made up of three atoms.

Ozone absorbs the high frequency ultra violet radiations. Because of this
absorption the temperature of the layer increases.

MESOSPHERE: The temperature again decreases in this layer and reaches its minimum mark averaging -90oC.

Although this temperature can vary.

The homogenous layer extends up to the
mesosphere. At the upper boundary of
mesosphere there exists a layer of ions
extending in the other layer. This layer of ions
or charged particles is helpful in reflecting the
radio waves and helps in telecommunication.


THERMOSPHERE: It contains the functional ionosphere. The temperature rises very sharply in this layer as the gas molecules absorbs the short wave radiations coming from the sun.

The temperature can reach as high as 1200oC, but despite such high temperature the thermosphere is not as ‘hot’ as we expect it to be.

As the density of air is so low in this layer, the energy is not easily transferred; hence the hotness is not felt.

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ANSWER/ADD ON ( D )

Since PM CARES Fund and PMNRF is a public charitable trust with voluntary donations hence no CAG audit is required.

The Prime Minister's National Relief Fund (PMNRF) is not a 'public authority' within the meaning of Section 2(h) of the Right to Information Act 2005, said the Public Information Officer of the Prime Minister's Office(PMO).

PM CARES is not exempt of RTI act, 2005

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ANSWER / ADD ON - ( C )

The idea of ‘Biosphere Reserves’ was initiated by UNESCO in 1973-74 under its Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme.

The MAB,launched in 1970 by UNESCO, is a broad-based ecological programme aimed to develop within the natural and social sciences
a basis for the rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere and for the improvement of the relationship between man
and the environment, to predict the consequences of today’s actions
on tomorrow’s world and thereby to increase man’s ability to manage efficiently the natural resources of the biosphere.

The Indian National Man and Biosphere (MAB) Committee identifies and recommends potential sites for designation as Biosphere Reserves, following the UNESCO’s guidelines and criteria.

There are 18 designated Biosphere Reserves (BRs) in all.

Out of 18 Biosphere Reserves, 10 Biosphere Reserves have been included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves of UNESCO.

There are 18 biosphere reserves in India:

Cold Desert, Himachal Pradesh

Nanda Devi, Uttrakhand

Khangchendzonga, Sikkim

Dehang-Debang, Arunachal Pradesh

Manas, Assam

Dibru-Saikhowa, Assam

Nokrek, Meghalaya

Panna, Madhya Pradesh

Pachmarhi, Madhya Pradesh

Achanakmar-Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh-Chhattisgarh

Kachchh, Gujarat (Largest Area)

Similipal, Odisha

Sundarban, West Bengal

Seshachalam, Andhra Pradesh

Agasthyamala, Karnataka-Tamil Nadu-Kerala

Nilgiri, Tamil Nadu-Kerala (First to be Included)

Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu

Great Nicobar, Andaman & Nicobar Island

The largest Biosphere reserve in India is the Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat and the smallest Biosphere Reserve in India is Dibru-Saikhowa in Assam.

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